Just like the Gutenberg revolution in the fifteenth century, which led to the emergence of non-conventional religious authority in the Christian world, the current information technology revolution — particularly through mediums such as Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, and Twitter — has triggered the re-construction and decentralization of religious authority in Islam. New santri (pious individuals) and preachers emerge from non-conventional religious educational systems. They not only challenge the traditional authorities, but also redefine and re-conceptualize old religious terminologies, such as hijra and wasatiyya. This book explores the dynamics of religious authority in Indonesia with special attention to the challenges from the “new santri”