Introduction: Islam in transition : Muslin perspectives -- 1. Early responses : crisis and the search for identity: Fatherland and patriotism / Rifāʻa Badawī Rāfi ʼal-Tahtāwī ; An Islamic response to imperialism. Islamic solidarity / Sayyid Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī ; Islam, reason, and civilization / Shaykh Muhammad ʼAbduh ; The caliphate and the bases of power / ʼAlī ʼAbd al-Rāziq ; India and English government. Islam : the religion of reason and nature / Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khān ; Islam and change / Chirāgh ʼAlī ; Justice to Islam and Turkey / Muhammad ʼAlī -- 2. Islam and the modern state: Islam and nationalism: Patriotism, nationalism, and group spirit in Islam / Rashīd Ridā ; Our decline and its causes / Amīr Shakīb-Arslān ; Muslim unity and Arab unity / Sātiʻ al-Husrī ; Egyptianness / Ahmād Lutfī al-Sayyid ; The future and culture of Egypt / Tāhā Husayn The new renaissance / Hasan al-Bannāʻ ; Islam and Arab nationalism / ʼAbd al-Rahmān al-Bazzāz ; A separate Muslim state in the Subcontinent / Muhammad Iqbāl ; Nationalism and Islam / Abū-l-ʼAlāʻ Mawdūdī -- Islam and socialism: Socialism and Islam / Shaykh Mahmūd Shaltūt ; The third way / Muʻammar al-Qadhdhāfī ; The Arab personality between past and present / Michael Aflāq ; A criticism of religious thought / Sadiq al-ʼAzm ; Islamic socialism / Mustafā Sibāʻī ; Social justice in Islam / Sayyid Qutb ; Islam and socialist revolution / The Algerian National Charter ; Islamic socialism / Khalīfa ʼAbd al-Hakīm ; The concept of Islamic socialism / A.K. Brohi -- Islam in the contemporary secular state: Contemporary Arab ideology / ʼAbdallah Laroui ; Islam, reform, and the new Arab man / Mustafā Mahmūd ; A revolution in religious thought / Muhammad Nuwayhi ; Indian Muslims in a secular state / S. ʼĀbid Husain ; Islam in secular India / Mushīr ul-Haq -- 3. Islam and social change: The modernization of Islamic law: Adaptation if Islamic jurisprudence to modern social needs / Subhī Mahmasānī ; The reinterpretation of Islam / Āsaf A.A. Fyzee ; Family planning in Islam. Land reform ; Fatwās -- Reform of Islamic law : the changing status of women and the family: Debate over family law reform in Pakistan: The modernist majority report. The minority report -- Islam and economics: The characteristics of Islamic economics / Āyatullāh Mahūd Tāliqānī ; Islam and the challenge of economic development / Khurshid Ahmad ; The Islamic welfare state / M. ʼUmar Chapra ; Islamic economics : ownership and tawhīd / Abūl Hasan Banī-Sadr -- 4. The re-emergence of Islam : three case studies: Egypt: Debate on the application of the Sharīʻa in Egypt / Najīb Mahfūz, Abd al-Halīm Mahmūd, Zakī Najīb Mahmūd ; Lessons from Iran / The Islamic (Student) Association -- Pakistan: Political theory of Islam / Abū-l-ʼAlāʻ Mawdūdī ; The Islamic concept of state / Fazlur Rahmān ; Introduction of an Islamic system / Muhammad Zia ul-Haq ; Kaikaus vs. the government of Pakistan / B.Z. Kaikaus -- Iran: Islam and constitutional government / Shaykh M. Husayn Nāʻīnī ; Refutation of the idea of constitutionalism / Shaykh Fadlullāh Nūrī ; Intizar, the religion of protest. "return to the self" / ʼAlī Sharīʻatī ; The Iranian Islamic movement / Āyatullāh Murtadā Mutahharī ; Islamic government: Āyatullāh Rūhaullāh Khumayni.